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CBNRM, Processual terms

Introduction

This Group contains definition and/or usage of terms that are used in connection with practical and analytical use of CBNRM, broadly understood. This particular set of terms relate to the identification, preparation, implementation, management, monitoring and evaluation of CBNRM activities and processes. Some of the terms are uniquely constructed for this CBNRM context, while the majority are drawn from broad and eclectic fields of inquiry and practice (see also Group CBNRM, Structural terms and Category Dictionaries). Cross-references refer to structural or knowledge management terms. There is some overlap with Group CBNRM, Structual terms, and some terms are listed both places. As a rule, and where appropriate, terms are given in the singular.

A list of Sources used is available. A Background on this Group is available. For definition and translation of many of these terms into several languages see also Category Dictionaries. For details on methodologies used in connection with work on CBNRM, see Category Tools. See also Category Overview.

Content

The Group contains the following terms:

A. Approach

Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM)   The term consists of two parts. The sense of the first part ('community-based') is that the 'community' in question have the legal right, the institutional base and the economic incentives to take substantial responsibility for the sustained use of local natural resources. The second part ('natural resource management') refers to management of these local resources (see URL below for details). Source: CBNRM Net (2001), Soeftestad (1999). Cross references: Terms «community-based property right», «Community-based resource management», «community driven development», «Gestion des terroirs», «Participatory action research», «Participatory research». Comments: (1) In Botswana, to give an example, the term is commonly used for a joint approach towards rural development and natural resources conservation; (2) the correct form, as advocated by CBNRM Net, is written with a hyphen between the words 'community' and 'based', and the word 'resource' used in the singular; (3) The following variant forms are used in specific cultural, geographic, intellectual, and/or sectorial contexts: «Community-based coastal resource management», «Community-based forest management», «Community-based management», «Community-based resource management», «Community-based wildlife management», «Community resource management»; (4) The term is used in joint constructions (e.g. acronym 'PAR-CBNRM'), (5) cf. term «gestion des terroirs», (6) the term occurs in two variant and little used forms: 'community based natural resource management' (CBNRM) and 'community based-natural resource management' (CB-NRM). URL: Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) (hosted on the CBNRM Net site).

B. Analytical perspectives, macro-level, and theory / social science

Co-managed protected area (CMPA)   Officially designated Protected Area (as per IUCN Categories I-VI) where decision-making power is shared between state agencies and the indigenous and local communities that depend on that area culturally or for their livelihoods. Characteristic features: (1) there exist 'concerned' indigenous and local communities - related culturally and/or because of livelihoods, (2) management decisions and efforts lead explicitly towards conservation outcomes, and (3) indigenous and local communities are a player among several others (hold some power) in decision-making and implementation of management decisions. Source: IUCN CMWG. Cross references: Terms «Co-management», «Community conserved area». URL: CMWG.

Co-management   A situation in which two or more social actors negotiate, define and guarantee amongst themselves a fair sharing of the management functions, entitlements and responsibilities for a given territory, area or set of natural resources. More specifically, co-management is: (1) a pluralist approach to managing natural resources, incorporating a variety of partners in a variety of roles, generally to the end goals of environmental conservation, sustainable use of natural resources and the equitable sharing of resource-related benefits and responsibilities, (2) a political and cultural process par excellence: seeking social justice and "democracy" in the management of natural resource, (3) a process that needs some basic conditions to develop, among which are: full access to information on relevant issues and options, freedom and capacity to organize, freedom to express needs and concerns, a non-discriminatory social environment, the will of partners to negotiate, confidence in the respect of agreements, etc., (4) a complex, often lengthy and sometimes confused process, involving frequent changes, surprises, sometimes contradictory information, and the need to retrace ones own steps, and/or (5) the expression of a mature society, which understands that there is no "unique and objective" solution for managing natural resources but, rather, a multiplicity of different options which are compatible with both indigenous knowledge and scientific evidence and capable of meeting the needs of conservation and development (and that there also exists a multitude of negative or disastrous options for the environment and development). Source: Borrini-Feyerabend, G., M.T. Farvar, J.C. Nguinguiri, and V.A. Ndangang (2000). Cross reference: Term «Co-managed protected area». Comments: Also referred to as: participatory, collaborative, joint, mixed, multi-party, and round-table management. URLs: (1) CMWG, (2) Changelinks.

Common property   Rights are exercised by a defined group with rules defining rights to access, use and management. Sanctions ensure compliance. Cross references: Terms «Common property resource» «Property right».

Common property resource   Resource used in common by a group or collective. Cross references: Term «Common property».

Community-based property right   [to be added]. Source: CIEL (2002), IASCP (2001). Cross references: Terms «Community-based common property right», «Community-based natural resource management». Comments: An abbreviated form of 'community-based common property right'.

Community conserved area (CCA)   Natural and modified ecosystems including significant biodiversity, ecological services and cultural values, voluntarily conserved by concerned indigenous and local communities through customary laws or other effective means. Characteristic features: (1) there exist 'concerned' indigenous and local communities - related culturally and/or because of livelihoods, (2) management decisions and efforts lead towards conservation outcomes (explicitly stated or nor), and (3) indigenous and local communities are major players (hold power) in decision-making and implementation of decisions - community institutions have the power to enforce regulations. Source: IUCN CMWG. Cross references: Term «Co-managed protected area». URL: CMWG.

Custom   [to be added]. Cross references: Term «Institutional arrangement».

Enforcement rights   The legal, institutional and administrative provisions that guarantee rights. An element of «Security of tenure». Cross references: Terms «Right», «Security of tenure».

Exclusion and inclusion rights   Rights by individuals, groups or communities to determine whom to exclude or include from the «Use rights» and «Transfer rights». An element of «Security of tenure». Cross references: Terms «Right», «Security of tenure», «Use right», «Transfer right».

Governance   Comprises the interactions between structures, processes and traditions that determine how power is exercised, how decisions are taken on issues of public concern, and how citizens or other stakeholders have their say. Governance is about power, relationships and accountability. Important questions raised include: Who knows key information? Who has vision? Who has influence? Who decides? How? By consensus, majority or by sheer exercise of power? Who benefits? Who loses? How are decision-makers held accountable? Source: IUCN, Collaborative Management Working Group (CMWG). Comments: also listed elsewhere in this list. URL: CMWG.

Institution   [to be added].

Institutional arrangement   Include instruments for defining and enforcing property rights. They can include formal procedures, social «Customs», beliefs or attitudes which determine the legitimacy and recognition of these rights. Cross references: Term «Custom».

Network   [to be added]. Comments: Also used as 'network analysis'. See also: Group CBNRM, Knowledge management terms

Open access   Natural resource where nobody has defined rights and resources are available for anybody to use. Comments: Open access regimes usually lead to overexploitation and degradation of natural resources.

Private property   An individual entity has rights protected by law. Private property can be sold on the market. Cross references: Term «Property rights».

Property right   Has two components: (1) Property rights, which are entitlements defining rights and duties in the use of «Natural resources» and (2) «Property rules». Consists, generally speaking, of four categories: «State property», «Common property», «Private property» and «Open access». Cross references: Terms «Common property», «Natural resource», «Open access», «Private property», «Property rule», «Right to natural resources», «State property», «Tenure». Comments: Also referred to as «Tenure».

Property rule   The rules under which «Property rights» and duties are exercised. A component of «Property right». Cross references: Term «Property right».

Right   [to be added]. Cross references: Terms «Enforcement rights», «Exclusion and inclusion rights» «Property right», «Transfer», «Use right».

Security of tenure   Commonly understood as the most significant determinant of sustainable natural resource management, or a tenurial system. Seen to consist of four sets of rights that indicate the relative security of a tenure system: (1) «Use right», (2) «Transfer right», (3) «Exclusion and inclusion rights» and «Enforcement rights». Cross references: Terms «Enforcement rights», «Exclusion and inclusion rights», «Right», «Tenure», «Transfer right», «Use right».

Social capital   The networks, shared values and associated norms which enable communities to effectively organize themselves and assume the responsibilities of participating in decision-making and resources allocation. Operates at the local level. Source: World Bank (see URL). URL: Participation key concepts.

Social movement   [to be added].

State property   Rights of ownership and management of land and natural resources are vested in the state. Cross references: Term «Property right».

Tenure   Control over resources, or the way in which people hold, or do not hold, individually or collectively, exclusive rights to land and all or part of the natural resource upon it. More formally, the set of laws and relationships between institutions (the legal and institutional framework) which determines the ways in which rights to natural resources («Property rights») are defined and enforced. Tenure is one of the key factors determining the way in which resources are managed and used, and the manner in which the benefits are distributed. Source: Rihoy, Elizabeth, et al (n.d.). Cross references: Terms «Property right», «Security of tenure», «Tenure system». Comments: ?. See also 'natural resource tenure'

Tenure system   [to be added]. Cross references: Term «Tenure».

Transfer right   Right to transfer natural resources or use rights, i.e., sell, give, mortgage, lease, rent or bequeath. An element of «Security of tenure». Cross references: Terms «Right», «Security of tenure».

Use right   Rights to grow crops, raise resources and harvest products. Cross references: Terms «Right», «Security of tenure». Comments: An element of «Security of tenure».

C. Participation, local level / practical work

Civil society organization (CSO)   Refers to civil society organizations with and without legal status. This includes traditional community organizations, some of which may be recognized by governments, for example Panchyats in India. Cross references: Terms «Community development association», «Nongovernmental organization», «Private voluntary association». Comments: Nongovernmental organizations are a sub-category of CSOs.

Communal property association   [to be added].

Community   [to be added]. Comments: Includes villages and other local and small-scale habitations.

Community-based group (CBG)   [to be added].

Community-based organization (CBO)   [to be added].

Community development association (CDA)   A group, whether legally constituted or not but still formalized, at the community level that are responsible for planning and/or implementing and/or managing development activities. Akin to an NGO, but with a more specific applied mandate. Cross references: Terms «Civil society organization», «Nongovernmental organization», «Private voluntary association». Comments: Used, among others, by Ford Foundation in West Africa.

Community of practice (COP)   [to be added]. Comments: Also a structural term. URL: CBNRM, Structural terms.

Consultation   [to be added].

Governance   [to be added]. Comments: (1) Also used as 'good governance', (2) listed elsewhere in this list.

Nongovernmental organisation (NGO)   Refers to «Civil society organizations» that are legally constituted. Cross references: Terms «Civil society organization», «Community development association», «Private voluntary association». Comments: NGOs are a sub-category of civil society organizations.

Participation   A process through which stakeholders influence and share control over development initiatives and the decisions and resources which affect them. Source: World Bank, among others. Cross references: Term «Community-driven development».

Stakeholder   An entity whose interests are affected by a development interventions. Typical stakeholders include the poor, those directly affected (either positively or negatively) by a proposed project, public sector agencies that devise and implement policies and programs, NGOs or private sector organizations that have an interest in the outcome, and the staff and management of a agency involved in the funding and implementation and management of an intervention. Cross references: Term «Stakeholder analysis». Comments: For methods use to research stakeholders, including social analysis, social assessment and stakeholder analysis, see Category Tools.

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