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Akposo-English dictionary

Introduction

This Group contains a two-way Akposo-English dictionary of key CBNRM and CBNRM-related terms. Akposo is used in Togo and parts of Ghana. A Background on this Group is available, as are Descriptions of these languages. In most cases, where comments on a translation are necessary, they are listed under the first part of the dictionary. Cf. Ewe which is spoken in partly the same region as Akposo.

Content

French to Akposo

• advocacy   oha èsè na alu´inu. Comments: etymologically this means 'to talk on behalf of a person'
• animal   ?
• bird   ?
• Civil Society Organization (CSO)   ima´yu oluna ona nu ikaki. Comments: Means 'to organize and work in subgroups'
• Co-Managed Protected Area (CMPA)   ali yu èfuta. Comments: Means a forest (èfuta) belonging to the whole village (ali). There is no term or word to describe an area that is voluntarily protected. There are, however, forests or places where people are not allowed to go according to cultural values, including so called 'sacred groves' (an idea of conservation was likely behind many such prohibitions - cf. the Burkina Faso historian Joseph Ki-Zerbo). IUCN term.
• co-management   alu efoa ayu èku wlédu. Comments: Denotes the idea of reparation carried out by two or more persons. See 'management'
• common property   ima´yu èku ofèfa. Comments: Refers to possession (osèfa)
• common property resource   ima´yu èku. Comments: The emphasis is on the owned resource. The word 'resource' is translated as 'èku' (the meaning of which is akin to 'thing')
• common property resource management   ? Comments: no good translation available
• community   ima. Comments: Can also mean 'people'. See 'people'
• community-based   ? Comments: No good translation available
• Community-Based Coastal Resource Management (CBCRM)   ima dja a yu apu tu wlédu. Comments: See 'management'
• Community-Based Development (CBD)   ama dja a yu alo oha
• Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM)   ima dja a yu ofu wlédu. Comments: The meaning is of forest ('ofu') that are damaged and needs repair. See 'management'
• Community-Based Group (CBG)   iza. Comments: Means 'meeting' or 'assembly'. See 'Community-Based Organization (CBO)'
• Community-Based Integrated Ecosystem Management (CBIEM)   uti ayu èkuwani owlédu. Comments: See 'ecosystem', 'management', 'natural resource tenure'
• Community-Based Management (CBM)   ima dja a yu eku wlédu. Comments: See 'management'
• Community-Based Marine Resource Management (CBMRM)   apu li ayu oluna na kpodu. Comments: See 'management', 'work'
• Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM)   inyéli ayu èkuwa wlédu kpodu. Comments: See 'community', 'community-based', 'natural resource', 'management'
• Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) practitioner   inyéli ayu èkuwa wlédu kpodu ayu oluna nani. Comments: The meaning is of 'a person working' (oluna nani) on CBNRM
• Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) stakeholder   ima vi. Comments: Refers to a person belonging to the community
• Community-Based Organization (CBO)   iza. Comments: meaning 'meeting' or 'assembly'. See 'Community-Based Group (CBG)'
• Community-Based Resource Management (CBRM)   èku wlédu kpodu. Comments: See 'management'
• Community-Conserved Area (CCA)   ima ayu èfu wlédu lè. Comments: Refers to a place reserved for all the people living in a specific village
• community development   ima yè ayu alo´ha.   Comments: 'alo´ha' means 'going ahead'. See 'development'
• Community Development Association (CDA)   okpodu ka ali yè ayu alo oha. Comments: Means a group for the advancement of village affairs
• Community-Driven Development (CDD)   alo´oha foa nu ima ayu esse zo. Comments: Refers to a progress induced by community decisions. Used by the World Bank
• community resource management   ima yè ayu èku wlédu
• consultation   (1) èlukpe nu alè, (2) odu idalè. Comments: Can have the meaning of 'discussion'
• custom   ilévlésè. Comments: Denotes something that has been practiced since the time of the ancestors. Means also 'tradition'. See 'tradition'
• decentralization   uné ozélé ka efu wani kadu ka ètu. Comments: There is no comparable term. The term used means 'liberty is granted to places for being on their own'
• de facto   ?. Comments: There is no comparable term. De facto situations are expressed by terms related to conflict or violence
• de jure   foa nu usé nu. Comments: Implies conformity to the law
• development   alo´ha. Comments: The word 'development' in Akposo does not denote or imply a final state or situation, but something akin to 'progress'. The meaning of the word is 'going ahead'. See 'community development'
• development theater   kantata ékélé. Comments: From the Latin word 'cantare' (to sing). Refers to scenes played to condemn bad social behavior
• devolution   ikpoku atè. Comments: The term borrows a word in chieftaincy (i.e., social organization), namely 'ikpoku' ('throne' in English, 'trône' in French). Chieftaincy is the major area where devolution is found in the region where Akposo is used
• ecosystem   uti. Comments: Means 'land'. There is no word that carries the meaning of 'ecosystem'. The closest one is 'uti'. See 'natural resource tenure', 'uti'
• Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management (EBFM)   ossi ozè nu uné obuè ava. Comments: The term means 'fishing in a right way'
• empowerment   ivu du nu alu li. Comments: The term conveys an idea of 'dynamization' or 'animation'. The meaning is 'warming' ('ivu' means 'fire') the activities of 'persons' (alu)
• enforcement rights   oya nu usé nu. Comments: The meaning is 'standing for the law'
• ethnicity   èfu édigbo atu. Comments: Refers to people that originate from the same place
• exclusion and inclusion right   ?. Comments: See 'exclusion right', 'inclusion right'
• exclusion right   ozèvi alu foéfa. Comments: This idea exist in Akposo practises, so the term carries the same meaning. See 'inclusion right'
• fish   ?
• flower   ?
• forest   ofu (èfuta).
• governance   alu obladu. Comments: The idea of leadership is prominent. The meaning is something like 'how to conduct people'
• inclusion right   oka´lu uné. Comments: This idea exists in Akposo practises, so the term carries the same meaning. See 'inclusion right'
• indigenous (people)   ?. Comments: No comparable term exists, maybe because this is a Western ideological construction
• indigenous identity   ?. Comments: No comparable term exist, maybe because this is a Western ideological construction
• insect   ?
• institution   olunali. Comments: Refers to the place where people work. See 'work'
• institutional arrangement   olunali ayu èku wlédu. Comments: Refers to ways to make services work
• Integrated Natural Resource Management (INRM)   inyéli´ku wani owlédu obuè. Comments: To reflect the idea of 'integration', the word 'obuè' (goodness) is used
• Integrated Resource Management (IRM)   èku owlédu obuè.   Comments: See 'Integrated Natural Resource Management (INRM)'.
• iza   (1) assembly, (2) Community-Based Group (CBG), (3) meeting.
• law   usé. Comments: This word can also mean 'right'. See 'right'
• management   wlédu.   Comments: the word means 'reparation' (from the verb 'repair'). The English word 'management' (together with the French word 'gestion') has no meaning in Akposo. The logic of the proposed word is that what is already perfect needs no attention or work. However, that which is damaged, destroyed or does not function properly needs to be managed or repaired. See 'work'
• natural resource   ? Comment: To translate 'natural resource(s)' Akposo invokes the construction 'things of the earth'. This is a sort of anthropomorphism because the earth is considered to be an entity capable of owning things. See 'Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM)'
• Natural Resource Management (NRM)   inyéli ayu èkuwani owlédu
• natural resource tenure   uti. Comments: refers to land. See 'ecosystem'
• Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)   uha ményi fiaha su.   Comments: From the Ewe words 'eha' (group) and 'fioha' (attributes of the king). The meaning here is 'a group which does not belong to the state'. See 'state property'
• open access   uné oya. Comments: The etymological meaning is 'it is allowed'
• ownership   ?
• participation   unuku du nu èsèli. Comments: The meaning is 'give one's opinion'
• Participatory Action Research (PAR)   esè ofusu dun´alu. Comments: The meaning is 'help for searching something'. See 'participatory research'
• participatory research   esè ofusu dun´alu. Comments: The meaning is 'help for searching something'. See 'Participatory Action Research (PAR)'
• people   alu. Comments: Plural form, two or more persons. See 'community'
• place   èfu. Comments: Means also 'space'
• Private Voluntary Association (PVO)   olodi ayu´ha. Comments: the meaning is 'private affair'
• property right   èku osèfa tunu usé ava. Comments: means 'owning a thing' (èku) under the rule of law (usé)
• resource   èku. Comments: the word means 'thing'
• right   usé. Comments: this word can also mean 'law'. See 'law'
• rights to natural resources   usé tu nu uti ayu èkuwani ava. Comments: Means right to use things of the earth
• security of tenure   uti osèfa tu nu ètu luluia li. Comments: Refers to a peaceful (ètu luluia) owning of land
• social analysis   Comments: No Akposo term exists
• social assessment   Comments: No Akposo term exists
• social capital   Comments: No Akposo term exists
• social movement   Comments: No Akposo term exists
• space   èfu. Comments: Means also 'place'
• stakeholder   oluna´na ni. Comments: The meaning is 'worker'. See 'work'
• stakeholder analysis   Comments: No Akposo term exists
• state property   fiaha ayu èku. Comments: The word 'fiaha' derives from the Ewe word 'fioha' which refers to attributes of the king (fio). By a sort of personality transfer, the modern state is compared to ancient kingdoms. See 'Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)'
• tenure   uti ayu èsèwa. Comments: Means things related to the land
• tenure system   uti oma. Comments: Refers to how lands are divided between people
• territory   uti. Comments: Means also 'the land'
• tradition   ilévlésè. Comments: Means also 'custom'. See 'custom'
• transfer right   eku oka nu usé´nu. Comments: Denotes the sense of giving something under the rule of law. See 'use right'
• use right   olona ona nu usé´nu. Comments: 'Use' refers to work or to cultivate in Akposo. So a person's use right is valid only with reference to a particular piece of land that this person cultivates. See 'transfer right'
• village   ali
• work   oluna. Comments: The word gives a certain idea of 'management'. See 'Community-Based Marine Resource Management (CBMRM)', 'institution', 'management', 'stakeholder'

Akposo to English

• ali   village
• ali yu èfuta   Co-Managed Protected Area (CMPA)
• alo´ha   development
• alo oha foa nu ima ayu esse zo   Community-Driven Development (CDD)
• alu   people. Comments: See 'community'
• alu obladu   governance
• ama dja a yu alo oha   Community-Based Development (CBD)
• apu li ayu oluna na kpodu   Community-Based Marine Resource Management (CBMRM). Comments: See 'management', 'work'
• èfu   (1) place, (2) space
• èfu édigbo atu   ethnicity
• èku   resource
• eku oka nu usé´nu   transfer right
• èku osèfa tunu usé ava   property right
• èku owlédu obuè   Integrated Resource Management (IRM)
• èku wlédu kpodu   Community-Based Resource Management (CBRM)
• èlukpe nu alè   consultation. Comments: See 'odu idalè'
• esè ofusu dun´alu   (1) Participatory Action Research (PAR), (2) participatory research
• fiaha ayu èku   state property
• foa nu usé nu   de jure
• ikpoku atè   devolution
• ilévlésè   (1) custom, (2) tradition
• ima   community. Comments: See 'people'
• ima ayu èfu wlédu lè   Community-Conserved Area (CCA)
• ima dja a yu apu tu wlédu   Community-Based Coastal Resource Management (CBCRM). Comments: See 'management'
• ima dja a yu ofu wlédu   Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM). Comments: See 'management'
• ima dja a yu eku wlédu   Community-Based Management (CBM). Comments: See 'management'
• ima vi   Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) stakeholder. Comments: See 'management'
• ima yè ayu èku wlédu   community resource management
• ima´yu èku   common property resource
• ima´yu èku ofèfa   common property
• ima´yu oluna ona nu ikaki   Civil Society Organization (CSO)
• i ma dja ayu alo oha   community development
• inyéli ayu èkuwa wlédu kpodu   Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM). Comments: See 'Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM)', 'management'
• inyéli´ku wani owlédu obuè   Integrated Natural Resource Management (INRM)
• inyéli ayu èkuwa wlédu kpodu ayu oluna nani   Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) practitioner
• inyéli ayu èkuwani owlédu   Natural Resource Management (NRM)
• inyéli ayu èkuwa wlédu kpodu ayu oluna nani   Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) practitioner. Comments: See 'Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) practitioner'
• ivu du nu alu li   empowerment
• iza   (1) Community-Based Group (CBG), (2) Community-Based Organization (CBO)
• iza   Community-Based Organization (CBO). Comments: The meaning of the term is 'meeting' or 'assembly'
• kantata ékélé   development theater
• odu idalè   consultation. Comments: See 'oèlukpe nu alè'
• ofu (èfuta)   forest
• oha èsè na alu´inu   advocacy
• oka´lu uné   inclusion right
• okpodu ka ali yè ayu alo oha   Community Development Association (CDA)
• olodi ayu´ha   Private Voluntary Association (PVO)
• oluna   work. Comments: See 'olunali'
• olona ona nu usé´nu   use right
• olunali   institution. Comments: See 'oluna'
• olunali ayu èku wlédu   institutional arrangement
• ossi ozè nu uné obuè ava   Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management (EBFM)
• oya nu usé nu   enforcement rights
• ozèvi alu foéfa   exclusion right
• oluna´na ni   stakeholder
• uha ményi fiaha su   Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)
• uné oya   open access
• uné ozélé ka efu wani kadu ka ètu   decentralization
• unuku du nu èsèli   participation
• usé   (1) law, (2) right
• usé tu nu uti ayu èkuwani ava   rights to natural resources
• uti   (1) ecosystem, (2) natural resource tenure, (3) territory. Comments: The word refers to 'soil', but covers also water and the air. Given the problems of translating 'ecosystem', the Akposo word 'uti' is used to denote three English words/terms that have very different meanings. See 'Community-Based Integrated Ecosystem Management (CBIEM)'
• uti ayu èkuwani owlédu   Community-Based Integrated Ecosystem Management (CBIEM)
• uti ayu èsèwa   tenure
• uti oma   tenure system
• uti osèfa tu nu ètu luluia li   security of tenure
• wlédu   management. Comments: The Akposo word means 'repair', there is no term that means 'management'. See 'management'

Contributors and sources

Contributors

The following have so far contributed to this evolving dictionary:

• Koffi O. Alinon - Centre de Recherches Concertées sur le Développement (LandNet-Togo); Lome, Togo (CBNRM Net member)
• Frieda Nalèmazo MAWUMI - Member, EEPT Women Association Hiheatro; Atakpame, Togo
• Francis Koudzo OZOU - Teacher; Mango, Togo

Sources

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